![]() ![]() Initially, global cities were ranked depending on their size. To be considered a global city, an urban center must prove it enjoys a significant global advantage over other cities and serves as a hub within the world economic system. Other Alpha + cities include Shanghai, Tokyo, Dubai, Singapore, Hong Kong, Paris, and Beijing. ![]() Although the city of Tokyo is the largest in the world with a population of about 38,000,000, it is considered an Alpha + city, one level below the cities of New York and London which are considered Alpha ++ cities. Cities are categorized differently depending on the role they play on the global scene. They portray the economic, social, and political state of the country and its people. At a moment when globalization is increasingly subject to critical scrutiny in many different quarters, this book provides a timely overview of its effects on urban and regional development, one of its most important (but perhaps least understood) corollaries.What Is A Global City? London is considered to be an Alpha ++ city.Ĭities are centers of innovation and businesses. It seeks at once to define the question of global city-regions and to describe the internal and external dynamics that shape them it proposes a theorization of global city-regions based on their economic and political responses to intensifying levels of globalization and it offers a number of policy insights into the severe social problems that confront global city-regions as they come face to face with an economically and politically neoliberal world. 'Global City-Regions' represents a multifaceted effort to deal with the many different issues raised by these developments. The processes of global economic integration and accelerated urban growth make traditional planning and policy strategies in these regions increasingly inadequate, while more effective approaches remain largely in various stages of hypothesis and experimentation. These city-regions are expanding vigorously, and they present many new and deep challenges to researchers and policy-makers in both the more developed and less developed parts of the world. Summary: There are now more than three hundred city-regions around the world with populations greater than one million. ![]()
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